Fig 1: Irreversible electroporation ablation induces immune remodelling in pancreatic cancer.a Identification of the immune landscape of human pancreatic cancer using the bulk RNA-sequencing data of the TCGA-PAAD cohort (n = 177). b Analysis of the correlation between tumour-resident DC infiltration and T cell, CD8+ T cell and cytotoxic T-cell infiltration in human pancreatic cancers. c Analysis of the correlation between intratumour expression of Flt3lg and Cd40lg and DC infiltration in human pancreatic cancer. d Schematic diagram of the in vivo experiments. e Representative images of H&E staining, Alcian blue staining, Sirius red staining, and TUNEL staining of pancreatic cancer tissues in IRE-treated or non-IRE-treated mice. n = 4 biologically independent sample for each group. f Analysis of the necrotic and fibrotic areas of pancreatic cancer in IRE-treated or non-IRE-treated mice. n = 4 biologically independent samples. g Transcriptome profile of pancreatic cancer in IRE-treated or non-IRE-treated mice. n = 4 biologically independent sample for each group. The volcano plot shows the differentially expressed genes, the red dots indicate significantly upregulated genes after IRE (FDR < 0.05, log2fold change >1), and the blue dots indicate significantly downregulated genes. h, i Heatmap and pre-ranked gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showing that the molecular pathways were significantly altered after IRE ablation therapy. j Determination of the expression of CD274, Trbc2, Ifng, Gzmb, Fl3tlg and Cd40lg after IRE treatment. n = 3 biologically independent samples. k, l Representative images (k) and statistical analysis (l) of IHC staining showing the infiltration of CD45-positive cells in pancreatic cancer specimens receiving IRE ablation or control tissue. n = 9 biologically independent samples for each group. m Representative images of gross tumours in mice receiving different combination therapies. n Survival analysis of mice bearing orthoptic tumours after different combination therapies, including control, control+aPD-L1 (200 µg, i.p. every third day), control+cas9@lip (intratumour injection), IRE+isotype (200 µg, i.p., every third day), IRE + aPD-L1 (200 µg, i.p., every third day) and IRE+cas9@lip (intratumour injection). o Representative images of IF staining showing the expression of CK19 and PD-L1 in the abovementioned six groups of mice bearing KPC tumours. p Western blotting showed the expression of Cas9 protein, HMGB1, TNF-a, IFN-? and PD-L1 in tumours receiving different treatments. o, p Three independent biological samples for each group were analysed to confirm data stability. b, c Data are tested using Pearson’s test with a two-tailed P value. f, j, l Data are presented as mean values +/- SEM. Two-tailed unpaired t test. n Survival data are analysed using Kaplan–Meier Method. Two-tailed log-rank test. Source data are provided as a Source data file.